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Foreign Land holdings in the German Marshall Islandsby Dirk HR Spennemann
Bibliography
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The following unpublished archival sources have been consulted(listed without order of preference or significance):
{1}"Verzeichnis der Grundstücke die im Eigentum vonNichteingeborenen sind." (List of real estate owned by non-natives").Dated: Jaluit, 24 August 1913. Signed: Scharnbourg (?) for ImperialGerman Stationchief". German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{2} Deed of sale between AdolphCapelle, Jaluit, and the DHPG, dated 13 November 1883, transferringproperty on Arno, Mile, Majuro and Namorik. Printout of microfilmeddocument of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original mostlikely from German Colonial document contained in ReichskolonialamtV olume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, Australian Archives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40. Original most likely from German Colonialdocument contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Mson file, Australian Archives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{3} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1g. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{4} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1h. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{5} Statement of Arthur Fortman Hayes, giving the priority purchase option on the Roerigen property to the Jaluit Gesellschaft. Dated 16 January 1911, signed by Hayes and Julius Krümling, German Colonial Station Chief. Printoutof microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from theT.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{6} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1c. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890. Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, Australian Archives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{7} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1d. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{8} Deed of sale between AdolphCapelle, Jaluit, and the DHPG, dated 13 November 1883, transferringproperty on Ebon. Printout of microfilmed document of unknownprovenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file AleleNational Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from GermanColonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, Australian Archives Canberra, Record GroupG-2, Y40.
{9} Deed of sale between AdolphCapelle, Jaluit, and the DHPG, dated 18 December 1883, transferringproperty on Maloelap, Mejit, Nauru (Pleasant Island), Strong's Island(Kosrae) and Arno. Printout of microfilmed document of unknownprovenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file AleleNational Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from GermanColonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, Australian Archives Canberra, Record GroupG-2, Y40.
{10} Deed of sale between The JaluitGesellscaft and Mr. Otto Bock from Bielefeld, dated 22 June 1908, transferring the property of the entire island of Kili to Mr. Bock.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{11} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 27. Eigenthümer: Pflanzer Otto Bock in Kili.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{12} Letter E.M.Morgan, Crawford& Co. to F.L. Sonnenschein, Kaiserlicher Kommandant, Jaluit, dated 18 July 1888. Contained in Records of the German ForeignOffice, Series IX Reichskolonialamt File No. No. 2296, Land undGrundstückserwerbungen auf den Marschallinseln. Allgemeines1887-1906.National Libraryof Australia, Canberra, Australia. Microfilm No. G 8491.
{13} List of islands upon which arelands leased by A. Crawford & Co. Document attached to letterE.M.Morgan, Crawford & Co. to F.L. Sonnenschein, KaiserlicherKommandant, Jaluit, dated 18 July 1888. Contained in Records of theGerman Foreign Office, Series IX Reichskolonialamt File No. No. 2296, Land undGrundstückserwerbungen auf den Marschallinseln. Allgemeines1887-1906.National Libraryof Australia, Canberra, Australia. Microfilm No. G 8491.
{14} Indenture between A.Capelle& Co and DHPG. Dated 20 August 1883 for the sale of pieces ofland on Lakulak, Kwo-ai-en and Badto wato, Jabwor, jaluit. Printoutof microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from theT.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI.Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{15} Indenture between Irooj Kabuaand A.Capelle & Co Dated 20 April 1880 for the sale of pieces ofland on Lakulak, Kwo-ai-en and Badto wato, Jabwor, Jaluit. Printoutof microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from theT.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI.Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{16} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1a. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{17} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1b. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{18} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1f. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{19} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1i. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{20} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1k. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{21} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1l. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{22} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1m. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{23} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1n. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{24} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1o. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Knappe, 16 December 1892.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{25} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1p. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Knappe, 16 December 1892.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{26} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1q. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Rischer, 16 December 1892.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{27} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1r. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Schmidt, 18 May 1893. Printoutof microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from theT.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI.Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{28} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1s. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Knappe, 20 November 1896.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{29} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1w. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg. Signed by Imperial Commissar Domnick, 18 July 1904.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{30} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1e. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis, 15 February 1890.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{31} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 1. Eigenthümer: Die Jaluit Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.Signed by Imperial Commissar Domnick, 1 September 1904.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{32} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 23. Eigenthümer: The Pacific Islands Companyin London. Signed by Imperial Commissar Brandeis 14 Mai 1899.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{33} Grundbuch von den Marshallinseln und Nauru. Artikel 28 Eigenthümer: Burns Philp & Co. Ltd inSydney. Signed by Imperial Commissar Krümling, 6 March 1911.Printout of microfilmed document of unknown provenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from German Colonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, AustralianArchives Canberra, Record Group G-2, Y40.
{34} Deed of sale between Adolph Capelle, Jaluit, and the DHPG, dated 20 August 1883, transferringproperty on Jaluit. Printout of microfilmed document of unknownprovenance, possibly from the T.T.P.I. Archives, Kept on file Alele National Archives, Majuro, RMI. Original most likely from GermanColonial document contained in Reichskolonialamt Volume 3077, document 5. Ms on file, Australian Archives Canberra, Record GroupG-2, Y40.
{35} Die Verhältnisse auf denMarshall Isnslen. Grundbuch. Document dated 16 June 1886, signed Knappe, Imperial German Commissioner. Contained in Records of theGerman Foreign Office, Series IX Reichskolonialamt File No. No. 2296, Land undGrundstückserwerbungen auf den Marschallinseln. Allgemeines1887-1906.National Libraryof Australia, Canberra, Australia. Microfilm No. G 8491.
{36} Civil Action 313, Sandbargen v.GushiTrust Territory ReportsVolume 7. Page 471, 473
{37} Rundreise mit "Delphin".Kaiserliches Bezirksamt Journal No. 1324/10. Report by the ImperialGerman Station Chief Merz to the Imperial Governor at Rabaul., datedJaluit, September 6th, 1910. Ms. on file. Reichskolonialamt Volume3077., Document 23 Australian Archives.
Anonymous, 1885, Kolonialpolitische Vorgänge: Deutsche Besitzergreifung derMarshall-Inseln.DeutscheKolonialzeitung2, 759-760.
Friedrichsen, I. 1879, Karte der Marshall Inseln.Aufder Basis der englischen Admiralitätskarte N) 983 nach denJ.Kubary auf Ebon eingezogenen Erkundigungen und nach Angaben desCapitän Mellen.Hamburg:Friedrichsen & Co.
Heine, C., 1974, Micronesia at theCrossroads. A reappraisal of the Micronesian Political Dilemma.[Honolulu: East-West Center, University Press of Hawaii]. Pp.188-191).
Hezel, F.J., 1979, Foreign ships in Micronesia. A compendium ofship contacts with the Caroline and Marshall Islands1521-1885.Saipan, MarianaIs.: F.J.Hezel & Trust Territory Historic PreservationOffice.
Hezel, F.X., 1983, The First Taint ofCivilisation. A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands inPre-Colonial Days, 1521-1885. Pacific Islands Monographs Series, No.1. Honolulu: University of HawaiiPress.
Japanese Government, 1929, Annualreport to the League of Nations on the administration of the SouthSea Islands under Japanese Mandate for the year 1929. [Tokyo]:Japanese Government;
Krämer, A., & H.Nevermann, 1938, Ralik-Ratak (Marschall Inseln). In: G.Thilenius(ed.), Ergebnisse derSüdsee-Expedition 1908-1910. II. Ethnographie, B: Mikronesien.Vol. 11: Hamburg:Friedrichsen & de Gruyter.
Peattie, M.R., 1988, Nanyo. The riseand fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945.(Pacific IslandsMonographs Series, No.4. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press) Page244.
Richard, D.E., 1957, United StatesNaval Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.Vol.1 Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Printing Office.
SPoehr 1949
Tobin, J.E., 1952, Land tenure in theMarshall Islands. AtollResearch Bulletin11.Washington: Pacific Science Board, National Research Council.
Yanaihara, T., 1940,
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